PAKISTAN–MUSLIM WORLD DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS UNDER GREAT-POWER COMPETITION

Abstract

The competition between the great powers is influencing the relations between states and changing the international order. These developments have also had an impact on Pakistan’s foreign policy and its relations with the Muslim world. Pakistan's diplomatic choices are influenced by its strategic location, security concerns, economic interests, and historical ties with Muslim countries. The paper explores the impact of great power competition on Pakistan’s relations with Muslim countries and its foreign policy choices. The research will be conducted in the areas of strategic balance, security cooperation, economic diplomacy and shared interests. It discusses Pakistan's relations with Saudi Arabia, Türkiye, Iran and the Gulf countries and the involvement of China, the USA and Russia in these relations. Political and strategic interests of each country are different and at times pose problems for Pakistan. Despite religious and historical ties, Muslim countries don’t always see eye to eye on regional and international issues. This study covers the post-Cold War period, especially the 21st century when the competition of major powers has been more influential in regional politics. Pakistan needs to safeguard its national interests and at the same time keep relations with countries having diverse interests. It also seeks to enhance relations with Muslim countries and promote their unity. However, the pressure of the international community and the conflicting regional interests are problems. The study suggests that Pakistan's foreign policy is reliant on the country's security requirements, economic interests, national interests and the evolving global dynamics. Hence, Pakistan has to be cautious in its foreign relations and keep its relations balanced with the major powers and the Muslim countries. The research is qualitative and is based on the analysis of secondary sources such as literature, policy papers, diplomatic communication, and other sources of information, which will be used to explore Pakistan's diplomatic strategies and their impact on its international relations.